Propranolol

Brand Names: Inderal, Inderal LA, InnoPran XL

Drug Class: Non-selective beta-adrenergic blocking agent

Overview

Propranolol is a non-selective beta-adrenergic blocking agent used primarily for cardiovascular conditions. It works by blocking beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic receptors, reducing heart rate, blood pressure, and myocardial oxygen demand. This medication is available in various formulations including extended-release capsules for chronic management.

Mechanism of Action

Propranolol competitively blocks both beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic receptors. This non-selective beta-blockade decreases heart rate, myocardial contractility, and blood pressure while reducing renin release and myocardial oxygen consumption.

Indications

  • Hypertension
  • Angina pectoris
  • Cardiac arrhythmias (especially supraventricular tachycardias)
  • Migraine prophylaxis
  • Essential tremor
  • Hypertrophic subaortic stenosis
  • Pheochromocytoma (with alpha-blockade)
  • Myocardial infarction (secondary prevention)

Common Doses

  • 10 mg
  • 20 mg
  • 40 mg
  • 60 mg
  • 80 mg
  • 120 mg
  • 160 mg

Dosage

Dosage varies by indication: Hypertension typically starts at 40 mg twice daily, increasing gradually. Angina management begins with 80-320 mg daily in divided doses. Migraine prophylaxis uses 80-240 mg daily. Extended-release formulations allow once-daily dosing for maintenance therapy.

Contraindications

  • Cardiogenic shock
  • Sinus bradycardia and greater than first-degree heart block
  • Bronchial asthma
  • Known hypersensitivity to propranolol hydrochloride

Side Effects

  • Bradycardia
  • Fatigue
  • Dizziness
  • Nausea
  • Cold extremities
  • Depression
  • Insomnia
  • Bronchospasm
  • Hypotension
  • Heart failure exacerbation
  • Impotence

Interactions

  • CYP2D6, 1A2, or 2C19 inhibitors may increase propranolol levels
  • Alcohol may enhance hypotensive effects
  • Calcium channel blockers (verapamil, diltiazem) may cause additive cardiac depression
  • NSAIDs may reduce antihypertensive effect
  • Insulin and oral hypoglycemics require dose monitoring

Counseling Points

  • Do not stop abruptly; taper under medical supervision
  • Monitor pulse rate and blood pressure regularly
  • Report dizziness, shortness of breath, or swelling of extremities
  • May cause fatigue; use caution when driving or operating machinery
  • Take with food to enhance absorption
  • Diabetics should monitor blood glucose closely